History & culture of english speakers countries🇬🇧♥

VICTORIA’S EMPIRE In 1882 Britain was in the later stages of acquiring the largest empire the world had ever seen. POLITICS The political structure of the Victorian era it was far from democratic. No women could legally vote in parliamentary elections until almost 18 years after Victoria's death. If not democratic, the political system was becoming increasingly representative. Britain managed to modernize its political system without succumbing to the political revolutions that afflicted virtually all of its European competitors. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Industrialisation brought with it new markets, a consumer boom, and greater prosperity for most of the propertied classes. It also brought rapid, and sometimes chaotic change as towns and cities expanded, and the consequences were poor housing conditions, long working hours, the ravages of infectious disease and premature death. Ireland, the Protestant northeast around Belfast excepted, did not experience...

Chartism was a political movement of the 1830s set up by working men. The Chartists campaigned to reform the British electoral system, believing that all men over the age of 21 should have the right to vote. They submitted the People's Charter to Parliament in 1837, making six specific demands. These were the six demands:  Were the Universal suffrage, Abolition of property qualifications for members of parliament, Annual parliamentary elections, Equal representations, Payment of members, Vote by ballot.  The People's Charter has been endorsed by the following Trade Unions: the  RMT , the  CWU , the  FBU , the  PCS , the  NUT , the  NUJ , the  BFAWU  POA (Scotland), the  UCU , and the  TUC .

The Reform Bills were a series of proposals to reform voting in the British parliament. These include the Reform Acts of 1832 , 1867 , and 1884 . The bills reformed voting by increasing the electorate for the House of Commons and removing certain inequalities in representation. The 1832 Reform Act was the most controversial of the electoral reform acts passed by the Parliament. The Act reapportioned Parliament in a way fairer to the cities of the old industrial north, which had experienced tremendous growth. This act also gave the power of voting to those lower in the social and economic scale, for the act extended the right to vote to any man owning a household worth £10, adding adding 210,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000. As many as one man in five now had the right to vote. For many conservatives , this effect of the bill, which allowed the middle classes to share power with the upper classes, was revolutionary.

THE HOUSE OF HANNOVER The house of Hannover is  a German royal dynasty that reigned  in Great Britain from 1714 to the foundation of United Kingdom in 1801, and since then, until 1901 when Victoria I died and her son  Edward II ascended the throne. he House of Hanover was formally named the  House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line , as it was originally a  cadet branch  of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The senior branch became extinct in 1884, and the House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the  House of Welf , which is the senior branch of the  House of Este . The current head of the House of Hanover is  Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover -RULERS House of Hanover, British royal house of German origin, descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover , who succeeded to the British crown, as George I , in 1714. The dynasty provided six monarchs: George I (reigned 1714–27), George II (reigned 1727–60), Georg...

                                                                                                   - Church laws: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a response to the religious divisions in England during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. This response, described as "The Revolution of 1559", was set out in two Acts. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome, with Parliament conferring on Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, while the Act of Uniformity of 1559 outlined what form the English Church should take, including the re-establishment of the Book of Common Prayer. - Trade: 1581 the Turkey Company was formed, and in 1592 i...

ENGLISH RENAISSANCE The period of European history referred to as  the Renaissance  was a time of great social and cultural change in Europe. The  English Renaissance  was a  cultural  and  artistic movement  in England dating from the late 15th century to the early 17th century.  The English Renaissance is different from the  Italian Renaissance  in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were  literature  and  music .  Visual arts  in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance It began in 1520 and continued until perhaps 1620. -In literature:  England had a strong tradition of literature in the native English, which gradually increased as English use of the printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg , became common by the mid 16th century. -In Visual Arts:  The significant English invention was the portrait miniature, whi...

Henry VII (new monarchy).       Henry VII was king of England from 1485 until his death in 1509 of tuberculosis. He is known for being the first monarch of the House of Tudor; he ruled the Principality of Wales until 1489 and was Lord of Ireland.       Henry won the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. In this manner, he was the last king of England to win his throne by a battle.       Henry pledged to marry the eldest daughter of Edward IV, Elizabeth of York, who was also Edward's heir. They did get married in 1486. This marriage supposed the union between Lancaster house and York house, since then, known as Tudor dynasty.       The unification of the houses of York and Lancaster by this marriage is symbolized by the heraldic emblem of the Tudor Rose, a combination of the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancas...