History & culture of english speakers countries🇬🇧♥

Executive Branch   The executive branch carries out and enforces the laws. This branch includes: - President: who leads the country  he serves a four-year term and can be elected no more than two times. - Vice-president : t he Vice President supports the President and in case the President is unable to lead he becomes President. The Vice President can be elected and serve an unlimited number of four-year terms as Vice President, even under a different President. -The Cabinet:  Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the Vice President, heads of executive departments, and other high-ranking government officials.They are nominated by President but need to be approved by a simple majority in the Senate.   Legislative Branch The legislative branch  drafts proposed laws , confirms or rejects Presidential nominations for heads of federal agencies, federal judges, and the Supreme Court, and has the authority to declare war. This branch is regulated by T

Incorporation, in U.S. law, is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states. When it was first ratified, the Bill of Rights only protected the rights it enumerated from federal infringement, allowing states and local governments to abridge them. However, beginning in 1897 with Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago, various portions have been held against the state and local government through the Fourteenth Amendment. Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and the development of the incorporation doctrine, the Supreme Court in 1833 held in Barron v. Baltimore that the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal, but not any state governments. Even years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court in United States v. Cruikshank (1876) still held that the First and Second Amendment did not apply to state governments. However, beginning in the 1920s, a series of United

Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to intervene. Hussein defied United Nations Security Council demands to withdraw from Kuwait by mid-January 1991, and the Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm. After 42 days of relentless attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the ground, U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28; by that time, most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled. Though the Persian Gulf War was initially considered an unqualified success for the international coalition, simmering conflict in the troubled region led to a second Gulf War-known as the Iraq War-that began in 2003.

The 41st president of the United States, George H.W. Bush served as vice president under Ronald Reagan. He is the father of George W. Bush, the 43rd president. Bush became chairman of the Harris County Republican Party in 1963. The following year, he ran an unsuccessful campaign for a U.S. Senate seat in Texas. It did not take long for Bush to enter Congress, however; in 1966, two years after his unsuccessful Senate bid, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, ultimately serving two terms. Bush was later appointed to several important positions, including U.S. ambassador to the United Nations in 1971, head of the Republican National Committee during the Watergate scandal, U.S. envoy to China, and director of the Central Intelligence Agency in 1976. Bush then set his sights on the U.S. presidency, but failed to win his party's nomination in 1980, losing it to his opponent, Ronald Reagan. Bush would make it to the White House soon after, however: He was chosen

FEDERAL ORGANISATION.     The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington D.C. It was formed in 1789,  It is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S  Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts.      The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate. T he executive power is vested in the President of the United States, including the vice president. The judicial one, by the Supreme Court of the United States.     The elections,  U.S. citizens have almost universal suffrage under equal protection of the laws from the age of 18, regardless of race, gender, or wealth. The only significant exception to this is the disenfranchisement of convinced felo

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. James Madison wrote the amendments, which list specific prohibitions on governmental power, in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties. The House approved 17 amendments. Of these, the Senate approved 12, which were sent to the states for approval in August 1789. Ten amendments were approved (or ratified). Virginia’s legislature was the final state legislature to ratify the amendments, approving them on December 15, 1791. The first 10 amendments were the following ones: I.Freedom of Speech, Press, Religión and Petition II. Right to keep and bear arms III. Conditions for quarters of soldiers IV. Right of search and seizure regulated V. Provissions concerning prosecution VI. Right to a speedy trial, witnesses, etc. VII. Right to a trial by jury VIII. Excessive bail, cruel punishment IX. Rule of construction of Constitution X. Rights of the Sta

1) Newspapers have declined in their influence and penetration into American households over the years. The U.S. does not have a national paper.  The New York Times ,  The Wall Street Journal , and  USA Today  a re the most circulated newspapers in the United States and are sold in most U.S. cities. 2)  The United States has a large magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest. The U.S. has three leading weekly  news magazines :  Time ,  Newsweek  and  U.S. News and World Report . 3) American radio broadcasts in two bands:   FM  and  AM .   Radio broadcast companies have become increasingly consolidated in recent years.  National Public Radio   is the nation's primary public radio network, but most radio stations are commercial and profit-oriented. During the advent of the internet in the 21st century ,  internet radio  and digital streaming services have been emerged. Among popular brands are  Pandora  and  iHeartRadio . 

The United States Constitution is the suprem law of the United States. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineatesthe national frame of government. Its firts three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers, wherby the federal government is divided into three branches; and the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six estrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsabilities of the state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codifided constitution in force of the world.  

Bill Clinton Bill Clinton (1946-), the 42nd U.S. president, served in office from 1993 to 2001. Prior to that, the Arkansas native and Democrat was governor of his home state. During Clinton’s time in the White House, America enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity, marked by low unemployment, declining crime rates and a budget surplus. Clinton appointed a number of women and minorities to top government posts, including Janet Reno, the first female U.S. attorney general, and Madeleine Albright, the first female U.S. secretary of state. In 1998, the House of Representatives impeached Clinton on charges related to a sexual relationship he had with a White House intern. He was acquitted by the Senate. Following his presidency, Clinton remained active in public life.

George W. Bush Ø   George W Bush ,  nicknamed the "Dubya" , was the 43rd American President and served in office from 2001-2009. The Presidency of George W Bush spanned the period in United States history that encompasses the events of the Modern Era and the rise of terrorism. President George W Bush represented the Republican political party which influenced the domestic and foreign policies of his presidency. Ø   The George W Bush presidency began with the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks on the World Trade Center after which he announced the War on Terror that  triggered the Afghanistan War (2001 - 2014), the hunt for  Osama bin Laden and other members of Al-Qaeda, the continuing Iraq War (2003 - 2011) against Saddam Hussein,  and the establishment of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. At home, George W Bush USA  Patriot Act was passed and the Department of Homeland Security was formed. The Enron Scandal erupted in 2001,  Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic damage in 2005