STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Bill of rights.

Incorporation, in U.S. law, is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states. When it was first ratified, the Bill of Rights only protected the rights it enumerated from federal infringement, allowing states and local governments to abridge them. However, beginning in 1897 with Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago, various portions have been held against the state and local government through the Fourteenth Amendment.

Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and the development of the incorporation doctrine, the Supreme Court in 1833 held in Barron v. Baltimore that the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal, but not any state governments. Even years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court in United States v. Cruikshank (1876) still held that the First and Second Amendment did not apply to state governments. However, beginning in the 1920s, a series of United States Supreme Court decisions interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment to "incorporate" most portions of the Bill of Rights, making these portions, for the first time, enforceable against the state governments.

Comentaris

Publica un comentari a l'entrada

Entrades populars d'aquest blog

THE HOUSE OF HANOVER

Imatge
THE HOUSE OF HANNOVER The house of Hannover is  a German royal dynasty that reigned  in Great Britain from 1714 to the foundation of United Kingdom in 1801, and since then, until 1901 when Victoria I died and her son  Edward II ascended the throne. he House of Hanover was formally named the  House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line , as it was originally a  cadet branch  of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The senior branch became extinct in 1884, and the House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the  House of Welf , which is the senior branch of the  House of Este . The current head of the House of Hanover is  Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover -RULERS House of Hanover, British royal house of German origin, descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover , who succeeded to the British crown, as George I , in 1714. The dynasty provided six monarchs: George I (reigned 1714–27), George II (reigned 1727–60), Georg...
Més informació

AMERICAN TALK SHOWS

Imatge
Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winfrey was born in 1954, born into poverty in rural Mississippi to a teenage single mother.  She is s an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. She is best known for her talk show: The Oprah Winfrey Show, which was the highest-rated television program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011 in Chicago.   Dubbed the "Queen of All Media", she was the richest African American of the 20th century North America's first multi-billionaire black person and has been ranked the greatest black philanthropist in American history. The movie critic Roger Ebert persuaded her to sign a syndication deal with King World. Ebert predicted that she would generate 40 times as much revenue as his television show, At the Movies. It was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show, expanded to a full hour and broadcast nationally in 1986. Jimmy Fallon  James Thomas Fallon (born Septembe...
Més informació

The Media ( press, television, radio...)

Imatge
1) Newspapers have declined in their influence and penetration into American households over the years. The U.S. does not have a national paper.  The New York Times ,  The Wall Street Journal , and  USA Today  a re the most circulated newspapers in the United States and are sold in most U.S. cities. 2)  The United States has a large magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest. The U.S. has three leading weekly  news magazines :  Time ,  Newsweek  and  U.S. News and World Report . 3) American radio broadcasts in two bands:   FM  and  AM .   Radio broadcast companies have become increasingly consolidated in recent years.  National Public Radio   is the nation's primary public radio network, but most radio stations are commercial and profit-oriented. During the advent of the internet in the 21st century ,  internet radio  and digital streaming s...
Més informació