HENRY VIII

 



                THOMAS CROMWELL


Thomas Cromwell was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to king Henry VII of England from 1532 to 1540. (born c.1485, Putney, near London—died July 28, 1540, probably London).
Responsible for establishing the Reformation in England, for the dissolution of the monasteries, and for strengthening the royal administration.
He was eventually arrested for heresy and treason and executed.
Cromwell entered Parliament, where his remarkable ability attracted the notice of the king. For nearly three years he worked his way up in the royal favour, entering Henry’s service early in 1530.
The basis of Cromwell’s thought was the notion of the sovereign national state that in practice he established by the expulsion of the papacy. In his conception of the English state and monarchy, his central idea was that of the supremacy and omnipotence of statute.

THE TUDOR REFORMATION DEBATE

In almost every aspect of Tudor government and policy-making, there is a contrast between the easy compliance and conformity of London and the south-east, and the resistance to Tudor centralisation in the borderlands and outlying regions, notably the far north and Ireland.

BACKGROUND TO THE REFORMATION

→ More anticlericalism in Wales than many parts of England. Many of the lower clergy undereducated and ignorant.
→ Many of the upland parishes of Wales were over 20,000 acres and covered difficult terrain.
→ The bishops and higher clergy were often English placemen and servants or favourites of the King
→  Whereas the clergy were supposed to be celibate the custom in Wales as in Ireland was for clergy to take wives or concubines.
→ Hardly any grammar schools in Wales, and no seminaries.


HENRY VIII’S DIVORCE IS THE TRIGGER

Since Wales was not represented in Parliament before the first Act of Union of 1536, Henry’s divorce and break with Rome may have seemed remote from Welsh affairs. But the royal supremacy was enforced in Wales, and opponents were crushed.
The Welsh clergy forced to take the oath of supremacy, which most did without demur.

DISSOLUTION OF THE MONASTERIES.

→ After becoming vicegerent, Cromwell investigated the condition of the monasteries and dissolved them.
→ Cromwell’s visitors were in Wales from August 1535 to April 1536
→ Little opposition to the Dissolution in Wales. Only 250 monks, nuns and friars to be resettled. Many Welsh monks became parochial incumbents, and some English monks became bishops in Wales.
→ The Welsh gentry were the overwhelming beneficiaries of grants of ex-monastic property, houses, or land sales by the Crown.

REFORMATION IN IRELAND.

The Reformation in Ireland was a movement for the reform of religious life and institutions that was introduced into Ireland by the English administration at the behest of King Henry VIII of England. His desire for an annulment of his marriage was known as the King's Great Matter.

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